Even at the design stage of the house you have to think about the fresh air in the premises. Moreover, it may be that the projected ventilation will work no worse than developed professionally. Perhaps the solution will not be so elegant - the main thing is that it is workable.
The definition and severity of the problem
Under the ventilation understand the specially organized movement of air masses. It is necessary to create comfortable and healthy conditions for human life. In general, the system is very difficult to calculate. Standard solutions that fit all or at least some group of users are simply not there. Each project is different. Even the location of one grate, a fan, plays a role. A lot depends on the position of the house with respect to the wind rose and many more trifles. That designed by own hands ventilation worked well, it is necessary to understand seriously.
Ventilation - the organized exchange of air masses, during which the exhaust air is replaced by fresh air
To make you realize how serious this is
According to the sanitary norms, one person with a resting condition recycles about 30 cubic meters of air per hour. If the air is not renewed, oxygen becomes less and less, carbon dioxide and other products of vital activity - more and more. As the amount of oxygen decreases, well-being worsens. A prolonged lack of oxygen provokes the development of diseases.
A few figures, physiologists, reflecting the influence of the level of carbon dioxide CO2 on the human condition:
Physiologists consider the content of carbon dioxide in the air at 1400 ppm - the lowest point for relatively normal human functioning. All indicators with a lot of carbon dioxide - it's already beyond.
A good example
To assess the severity of the situation without airing, let's give a graph, the level of CO2. It was filmed as an experiment. To assess how much ventilation is needed in a modern house / apartment with plastic windows and the measures taken for thermal insulation.
Experiment conditions. Bedroom 13 squares (37 cubes), one person and one medium-sized dog. The house has exhaust ventilation, a riser in the kitchen and in the boiler room. The exhaust fan is installed in the boiler room, which operates on a timer for half a night and half a day. There are no inflows, access of fresh air through windows that have the function of airing and microventilating.
Information for explaining the schedule:
- Point 1. From 20 hours - work at the computer, the doors are ajar, the window is closed.
- Point 2. The window was opened, the doors ajar, everyone left the room.
- Between 1-2 in the room came back, the window was closed, then opened. All this can be traced by fluctuations in the level of CO2.
- Point 3. At 3-35 the doors and the window are closed, the man and the dog are asleep.
- Point 4. 9-20 in the morning, the person woke up. The CO2 level is 2600 ppm, which is well below the extreme norm. The window was opened, the carbon dioxide level returned to normal in less than an hour (Point 5).
As can be seen from the graph, most of the night passes at a very high concentration of carbon dioxide. This can be the cause of fatigue, poor health in the morning. In general, everything is clear. If you want, you can conduct such an experiment yourself. Only a meteorological station with the ability to measure the level of carbon dioxide (with memory) is required. Looking at the results of the experiment, the value of the ventilation system is difficult to overestimate. Let's understand how it works.
The principle of ventilation of the house and apartment
All ventilation systems are divided into two types - with natural air movement and with forced air.
The air always moves from the zone of higher pressure to the zone of the lower one. This property is also used in natural ventilation systems. The zone of higher pressure is usually located in the apartment / house. If there are ventilation ducts / openings, the air from the premises will tend to hit the street. But in place of the "departed" a new one must arrive, otherwise the movement will cease. That is why for the normal operation of the ventilation system, both an outflow of exhaust air and an influx of fresh air are necessary. And it's worth taking care of it. Only then ventilation - with their own hands made / developed or not - will work efficiently.
Keep in mind that the "breathing" walls have nothing to do with air exchange. At best, they help regulate humidity. But only. Similarly, a conventional air conditioner does not add oxygen. It only supports the preset parameters of the air already available. It takes away only excessive moisture, and with the exchange of air is not connected in any way. The flow of air must be ensured as well as outflow, using windows (not the most efficient way) or special devices.
Influx problems
Here, it would seem, which is easier - make a hole in the wall - here's the flow of oxygen. Maybe somewhere this is true, but not in the conditions of our climate, when for most of the year on the street the temperature is far from comfortable. What's wrong? A whole series of unpleasant moments:
As you can see, a "simple" hole in the wall becomes a very complicated device. And not much from this list can be neglected. Too uncomfortable will be existence.
Exhaust ventilation
Exhaust ventilation in the apartment building is a large pipe that runs through all the floors and overlooks the roof. All apartments are connected to it in the riser. In the presence of normal conditions, due to the difference in pressure in the apartment and on the roof, a "draft" is formed, which draws air from the rooms (it also works when there is an inflow).
That's how you can organize exhaust ventilation in the house or apartment. Only it is necessary to take into account that the "stretch" the channel should all the required volume of air
In apartment buildings, the risers are usually found in the kitchen and / or in the bathroom. All other rooms are ventilated through these hoods. For normal air exchange in the bathroom door and in the kitchen, it is necessary to provide ventilation gaps (under the door or to make perforations in the wall) or to install grills.
In a private house, everything is organized approximately the same way: in the kitchen or bathroom, the main ventilation duct is installed, which is taken out to the roof. Finish it in the attic is not worth it. Even if the attic is cold and ventilated. With the difference in temperature and high humidity of the air being removed, a large amount of condensate forms. Even with good ventilation in the attic, it does not have time to be taken out, the floors are "wet", the walls are dying. In general, this is a bad idea.
Material for air ducts
A few words about the material from which the exhaust ventilation duct is made in a private house. The most common use of galvanized pipes, and - the round section. They have resistance to air flow is minimal. Second place in popularity is occupied. With them more problems - they accumulate static, which contributes to the accumulation of dust, less resistant to fire. The pluses can be attributed to a simpler installation, the availability of pre-fabricated fittings, with which it is easy to create any system. In the case of these materials, the choice is yours - which is more like it, then use it.
What not to do is drive the exhaust duct out of the brick. Firstly, it is expensive (we also need a foundation for it), and secondly, it is the most problematic operation, as it has uneven walls, which contributes to the accumulation of dust. In the brick walls, not closed with a metal sleeve, condensation accumulates, because of which the brick quickly collapses. In general, the brick exhaust ducts - the last century.
Optional Devices
What else can be needed in the exhaust system, so this check valves. They interfere with the movement of air in the opposite direction, which occurs when the thrust is overturned. " When the pressure in the apartment / house becomes lower than on the street. Also check valves prevent the spread of odors from the kitchen / toilet to other rooms connected to the channel.
Check valves are a simple device
In general, the exhaust system is simpler. But only if the correct calculation of the cross-section of the ventilation duct, properly designed route and competent installation.
Natural or forced
Ventilation is of two types - natural and forced. What's better? To say is uniquely difficult. Everyone decides for himself, considering all the advantages and disadvantages of both types.
Natural ventilation in the house works due to the difference in pressure in the room and on the street (due to the existence of the very "natural traction"). Its advantages are noiselessness, independence from electricity. Minuses - low productivity because of what pipes of the big section are necessary, impossibility to supervise / regulate intensity of work, dependence on a condition of an environment. In the summer, natural ventilation often does not work, but sometimes it works in the opposite direction. This is when the exhaust air duct "pulls" hot air into the room.
Forced ventilation in a private house - fans of the appropriate type are installed
In forced ventilation, air movement is provided by fans. It can be adjustable, works in all weather conditions, but only if there is electricity and efficient fans. And this is a minus. Even two. The first is energy dependence, the second is the noise produced by fans during operation. Therefore, in systems of forced ventilation, many prefer to use plastic ducts. It is because they are "quiet."
Ventilation schemes for a private house and apartment
The simplest option is realized in small houses and apartments. Supply openings are located in the living rooms, hoods - in the kitchen and bathroom. Entering the room air through the cracks under the doors penetrates into the kitchen and bathroom, where it is removed. This scheme works at an area of not more than 100 squares.
When supply ventilation - individual devices in each room, exhaust - through the kitchen or bath
In houses with a total area of more than one hundred and fifty squares organizing two separate systems - supply and exhaust. Each of them has its own air duct system. With this device in each room there are exhaust and supply holes in each of the rooms. In this case, the regulation of the intensity of inflow and outflow of air is possible in each room - you can adjust the atmosphere to the requirements of its inhabitants.
With a centralized supply ventilation system, it is easier to prepare the air taken from the street - it is possible to make a single cleaning system, heating. Prepared air can already be planted in the premises. In this case, in each room there are two ventilation openings - one supply, one - exhaust. They are located in opposite corners, covered with grids or diffusers.
The supply and exhaust ventilation in the private house can be organized in such a way: the decentralized inflow, the exhaust - centralized
Even with a large area of the house, the ventilation system can be decentralized, as in the first scheme. With the right selection of equipment to work it will be no less effective. The question is that it will be more economical, since it will be necessary to solve the problem of air preparation for each supply channel. And the equipment is quite expensive.
Ventilation by yourself: an action plan
To independently design a ventilation system, you will have to perform a number of actions. It is simpler if the sequence is known.
Preparatory work
The collection of information and elementary calculations - that's where the independent creation of a ventilation project begins.
Preliminary data is ready. For a while, consider where and what devices should be located.
Calculations of parameters and detailing
When all the questions are solved according to the scheme, it has taken a final look, we proceed to detailing. First, too, calculations are made, then we have to look for components of the system, decide which firm to use the equipment and reduce the budget.
Installation and adjustment
"It remains" to find, buy, mount. Written little, and the forces, time, nerves to implement this item will take a lot. Only then can we say that Ventilation with our own hands is completely ready.
But that's not all. The ventilation made by own hands should be started, adjusted. This is also not the easiest process - to achieve the coordinated work of the system as a whole. Then, in the process of operation, the reconfiguration has to be done frequently. When changing the season, changing the number of residents, changing weather conditions. In general, the adjustment of the ventilation system is another responsibility of the owner of the house.
By the way, we advise you to think about it. Ventilation by one's own hands (meaning installation) will cost less, but more time and knowledge require. Knowledge can be gleaned, and if there is a shortage of time, you will have to look for and hire performers, then take their work.
Other solutions
The market does not stand still, and today new solutions are offered. For example, there are recuperator systems, which immediately, through one hole in the wall, take out the exhaust air and serve fresh. This is an ideal solution if the ventilation is attended after repair or if it is necessary to solve the problem only in some rooms. The main thing is that these rooms have at least one wall facing the street.
The disadvantage of this method of organizing ventilation in a house or apartment is one - the price of such equipment. The cost of one such device is more than $ 400.
Human psychology is designed so that most of the normally working things are not enough attention. But it is worth something to bargain - we begin to look for reasons that were worth taking care of earlier. So with the ventilation of the apartment: after installing the insulating glass and insulation of the apartment was somehow uncomfortable, after the fact you need to take action.
In a modern apartment building, it does not matter, the old Soviet version of the 70s or a new building, the system of supply and exhaust ventilation is provided by the project of the building. Bad or good, but it always works, if the designer does not allow gross mistakes when taking into account the climatic belt and the direction of the wind rose. But in some cases it is worth making changes in the apartment ventilation system with your own hands.
Make changes in the ventilation system of the apartment is only if there are good reasons:
- Sharp decrease in the level of comfort, a feeling of stuffiness, high humidity in the apartment;
- Systematically in the toilet, kitchen or bathroom apartments there are foci of dampness or condensation, in the windows mist over the glass;
- In the apartment there were uncharacteristic and unpleasant smells.
Important ! If you are planning to conduct a major repair of the apartment with the insulation of external walls or the replacement of old ones wooden windows on new ones, it is worthwhile to think about additional check of ventilation work, and how to make modernization of ventilation in the apartment.
Why it is necessary to modernize the ventilation
To feel "at ease", a person needs not just some minimal amount of air, not just 30 cubes per hour, he needs a microclimate. And to provide it is more difficult than to get rid of the condensate on tile bathroom or apartment windows. With a standard 21% oxygen in the air will feel good, at 20% - tolerably, but already at 18% there will be a severe headache, instant fatigue, then nothing can be done, the person loses consciousness, at 7% - dies.
The microclimate is, first of all, the comfort of breathing, warmth or coolness, and the necessary level of air humidity. Inadequate handling of ventilation of the apartment leads to the violation of any of the three components.
How to make ventilation in the apartment
In most cases, the owners of housing first of all solve the problem of how to make ventilation in the kitchen in the apartment. This is understandable and quite logical. The kitchen, especially with a gas stove, requires good ventilation and conditioning, otherwise the products of gas combustion and evaporation will "choke" the apartment for an hour. The second, no less important, decision will be the question - how to make ventilation in the toilet and bathroom in the apartment.
Often, ventilation masters and manufacturers of various ventilation scandals offer to radically make the maximum changes in the supply and exhaust ventilation. This is another extreme, in the organization of high-quality ventilation of the apartment does not require such a significant cost.
The simplest and most affordable way to make the existing apartment ventilation scheme effective can be in approximately this amount of work:
- New air-conditioning devices are installed in the apartment. This is the main and the only correct method to make the influx of fresh air into the room. You can not take air into the apartment from the service areas - kitchen, bathroom and toilet rooms, especially from the entrance. In this sense, the entrance door to the apartment must provide complete tightness from the outside world.
- Bedroom, children's room - especially, the hall is equipped with independent sources of air;
- In the service rooms (this will be a kitchen, bathroom and toilet), if necessary, make installation of additional equipment for forced exhaust ventilation. The system of ventilation ducts we do not touch.
Advice! Any alterations, before making the ventilation in the apartment more efficient, start by checking the quality of the exhaust ventilation. It is possible that the channels do not provide the necessary air removal capacity. The state of draft air in the ventilation in the kitchen should be monitored especially carefully.
How to make ventilation in the apartment yourself, preparing for work
It is not difficult to check the operation of the exhaust ventilation. Open the window and attach a few strips of plain paper to the channel grille. Under the action of traction force, the strips are pressed against the grid, which confirms normal operation.
Otherwise, try to clean the exhaust ducts:
- Remove the grille and to seal the hole using solid polyethylene film and adhesive tape double construction in the center of a pair of additional cross-pasted strip of conventional adhesive tape;
- In the center of the pasted tape, we make a small hole, with a diameter of 20-25 mm, insert a metal cable, 8 mm in diameter, into the hole, with a "fluff" end;
- Push the cable to the maximum height and with joint forward and rotational movements remove dust and dirt from the walls of the ventilation duct.
- With the help of a vacuum cleaner we collect everything that is removed from the ventilation walls.
Cleaning channels should be done "on dry", without water and detergents.
We install the ventilation system
Usually the role of supply ventilation was performed by the slots of the window frame and the entrance door. After the elimination of drafts will have to look for a way how to make additional supply ventilation in the apartment.
Advice! Pay attention to the installation of new plastic windows in the window opening, with a significant thickness of the external walls, a situation may arise when the inner glass will be covered with condensation or even freeze.
Such a situation is a sign of insufficient air movement in places where condensate falls out. In summer, this situation is not so common, and in winter - an ordinary phenomenon. It is very difficult to make a prediction of the occurrence of such a phenomenon, since often the slits in the old window frames played the role of apertures for airflow. In some cases, the masters who install new double-glazed windows, offer to make a special device - bypass valve for supply ventilation. To do this, a special valve is milled at the top of the window frame, allowing air to freely enter the room. At the same time, the way of air intake excluded the penetration of precipitation and dust into the apartment.
If the windows have already been installed without a valve, you can be advised for ventilation and blowing windows to make a part of the rubber seal in the upper part of the window frame removable. If necessary (in heavy rain or wind), the seal fragment can be installed into place, thus ensuring its normal tightness. But it is difficult to make such a system reliable. It is unlikely that such rationalization can be considered reasonable.
Installation of wall ventilation
In houses with brick walls it is worthwhile to use a rather simple and effective scheme of air flow through a special module. The principle of operation of such a system is simple and convenient. As a rule, controllable fan devices are used, which make it possible to accurately determine the amount of forced air, depending on the weather conditions and the volume of the room. Thus you get rid of the need to calculate and select the performance of the ventilation system of the apartment.
For installation, we need two ring drills, an extension cord-the size of the wall thickness and an electric punch or drill.
Installation and adjustment are reduced to making a hole in the wall and conducting wiring to the module:
- Make a marking of the hole for a hole at a height of about two meters from the floor, preferably at least half a meter from the window opening or structures on the outer surface of the wall.
- With a ring drill and extension cord, make a hole in the wall. The hole channel should have a small negative angle of inclination, the inlet on the outer surface of the wall should be lower than the output in the room by 2-3 cm for 50 cm in length.
- Mark on the wall line laying the wiring from the outlet to the installation site of the air intake module. With the help of a puncher, a channel must be made in the wall along the line of the wiring. We lay the wiring, leaving the necessary supply of wire at the ends for connecting the switching contacts. Close the channel with a plaster solution.
- Using a vacuum cleaner, we remove dust and dirt, apply the adhesive solution to the inner surface of the punched ventilation duct.
- We lay the insulation and mount the input unit of the module on the external wall. Install the internal module of the device, carefully fill the gap.
- We connect the supply ventilation to the installed wiring and adjust the operation of the supply ventilation.
Despite the higher price and the need for power supply, such a device for supply ventilation is an order of magnitude more efficient, it does not make noise, does not freeze, delays dust and consumes electricity by an order of magnitude less than an ordinary electric lamp.
We work with exhaust ventilation
As a rule, the improvements made are sufficient for normal conditioning and ventilation of the apartment. For more rational use of the heat of the extracted air, heat recuperators are increasingly installed in ventilation systems. But their installation requires knowledge and skills of special editing, so in this case, as a rule, they resort to the help of specialists.
If there is a need to make the ventilation capacity higher, an exhaust fan with a parallel bypass valve can be installed in the ventilation duct grill. When the fan is operating, the valve is blocked and the main airflow is discharged through the diffuser. When the electric motor is switched off, such a device works bypassing the fan, without autorotation and additional resistance from the blades.
If you plan to replace the old apartment interior doors new, for normal air movement, it is necessary to make special bypass valves in the construction of doors or walls.
Attention ! For stable operation of the supply and exhaust ventilation, there should not be more than two doors between the room with the point of inflow of air and the place with the exhaust device.
How to make ventilation in a joint room
Before installing the supply and exhaust devices in one large room it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the location of the main intake of air by the canal exhaust system. What kind of ventilation to do in the studio apartment. The layout of the air conditioning and ventilation system is not fundamentally different from the usual apartment, but it is worth considering the following:
- The opening of the supply of air flow into the room is to be done at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the place where people occupy the main seat - a sofa, a bed, armchairs and a maximum distance from the exhaust ducts;
- Make additional supply valves on the windows;
- For the sanitary zones of the studio, it is necessary to make independent extraction devices, or use a single fan unit with air ducts that take air in the area of the toilet and kitchen stove.
If the radiators are located at a great distance from the plane of the windows, it is necessary to provide ventilation grilles in the window sills, allowing warm air to rise unimpeded and flow around the cold windows. This will make the window block dry and warm.
Comments:
- Self check
- Fresh construction
- Important points
- Natural construction
Quality provides a regular flow of fresh air flow, while reducing the likelihood of fungus on the walls of the room.
Scheme of air movement using exhaust ventilation in the bathroom.
Self check
Before you do without windows, you need to check the level of traction. In apartments of multi-storey apartment houses they build a natural structure.
The scheme of supply and exhaust ventilation.
It consists in laying special channels. To check the existing ventilation in a room without windows, use a paper strip, the width of which should not exceed 2 cm. Such a product is easily affected by wind of any force.
It is impossible to check ventilation in the room with the help of flammable devices, including lighters, torches, matches. Otherwise, an explosion may occur. The paper strip is applied to the ventilation grill located in the kitchen or in the bathroom. For several minutes follow the behavior of the paper. The effectiveness of the ventilation in the room depends on the degree of oscillatory movements of the strip. If the paper is stationary, you will need to improve the existing structure.
If a living room without a window is designed for one person, 60 W of heat is released in the room. If there is a natural ventilation system in the apartment or house, holes are made at the bottom of the wall of the enclosed space. To ensure the removal of carbon dioxide, a similar procedure is performed at the top of the surface. If the walls in the room without windows have access to the street, then mount the window.
Residents of megacities violate the existing natural ventilation in the house or apartment, installing plastic windows, insulating the balcony. In this case, the arrangement of the system under consideration in a room without windows becomes more complicated. Specialists recommend using a mechanical inflow. This design is considered expensive. It provides for the supply of a special supply channel through an apartment or a house.
Back to contents
Fresh construction
Diagram of air movement in the apartment.
Arrangement of the considered ventilation is carried out with the help of 2 fans, a filter, a heater, a perforator. This design is designed to remove from the room without a window of excessive moisture. The hole diameter is pre-calculated.
On 1 square meter of the room you will need to make a hole with a diameter of 15 mm. It is located above the floor level. On the outside, the air duct is installed at a height of 30-40 cm. The top opening of the unit must be protected from debris.
To do this, install a grid and a canopy. Inside the room, a vertical or horizontal duct with holes is mounted. This is necessary for the distribution of fresh air in a room without windows.
The exhaust hole is made at the level of the ceiling on the opposite side (with respect to the supply analog). The air duct is led out at 30-50 cm above the roof level (in a private house). If air ventilation is installed in the apartment, then the last unit is output to outer wall high-rise building (for a similar distance up).
If the air ducts are installed, a fan is mounted in the inlet port. Its task is to direct the flow of external air masses into the filter - the air heater - through the internal ducts. The calorifer is used to heat outdoor air masses to the desired temperature in the winter season. In warmer months, this device is not connected. Filters will need to be replaced periodically with new units. In order for the exhaust port to work more effectively, a second fan is mounted in it.
Back to contents
Important points
The scheme of ventilation of premises in a private house.
The arrangement of ventilation in a room without a window provides for the installation of an exhaust separate channel. In the process of finishing work, it is forbidden to block the inlet to the channel.
The movement of air masses in a room without windows takes place in a different direction (if compared with the movement of air in a room with a window opening).
Duct in the first case should be of an indirect nature. As practice has shown, air masses move from rooms with windows in the direction of the exhaust structures. In the room air comes through a vent or old windows. To ensure that the air flow freely moves around the house, it is recommended to leave gaps in the doors of the enclosed space. Similarly come with the door leaves of the remaining rooms.
The absence of an exhaust duct prevents the air from circulating, and it will flow to other rooms in the house (except for the enclosed space). To remedy this situation, it will be necessary to provide a gap of 3-4 cm between the floor and the door leaf. If the room without windows is presented as a bedroom, bathroom, or bathroom, the hole is drilled with a slope from the outside to the inside. This method involves the use of steel, fine-mesh or stainless mesh. It is laid in 2-4 layers with an interval of 2-3 mm. In this case, sound insulation improves.
Back to contents
Natural construction
Under natural ventilation is understood the presence of ventilations and cracks in the room. For the winter, the window is sealed. In this case, the inflow of air masses is disrupted. The living room needs air inlets.
The scheme of the device of ventilation in the toilet with the help of false ceiling.
Public premises, in which there are always a lot of people (including a kitchen), need wall inlet valves. This is due to the fact that in such rooms there is a shortage of existing airflow.
Specialists classify the units under consideration into the following types:
- Rigid lines.
- Angle valves with a flexible duct.
These units are equipped with regulating shutters - views. If necessary, the direct valve is additionally equipped with an air labyrinth or a calorifer, for which a similar choke effect is characteristic.
The cost of the second units is lower than the price of the first elements. Installation of hard direct valves is done over the batteries. Their action is similar to the slits in the PVC window. Flexible ducts are laid in walls with an incline downwards. This prevents moisture from entering the foul weather, reducing the entry of dust particles into the room. Solve this problem with the help of a fence grille. Its installation is easily done by yourself.
If the room is too stuffy, recommend using direct valves. This unit has a lower inflow resistance. It is easy to install a heater, filter and humidifier. The minus of the product in question is its outer part - the air intake. It is presented in the form of a complex and noticeable design that does not harmonize with the design of the room.