The main types of stairs: classification and application. Stairs

In everyday life, a person throughout the day uses different types of stairs. In most cases, we are talking about input and interstorey structures. With the most common products and their characteristics should get acquainted more closely.

Types of structures

If you think about the classification of staircases, the variety of available models is simply amazing. All these options were developed taking into account certain requirements for safety and ergonomics, as well as the functional purpose of these or other designs.

Marching and screw. This is a standard division based on the construction principle. For the first type, a characteristic difference is the presence in one section of successively located treads on strings or strings. Within the march, there can be spotless and ordinary rank-and-file steps. For the second type, the characteristic difference is the helical or so-called spiral arrangement of steps. For convenience, they are made careless and oriented to the central axis, which can act as the main support or a conditional feature for models with curved oblique lines.
Street and inland. External or usually represented by the entrance to the house, ascent to the second floor in private houses of a small area or evacuation structures. As already understood, they are located outside the building. Internal - it's all the stairs that are inside the covered room.
Portable and stationary. As portable, small scale household ladders are used. This is, first of all, prefabricated models, their folding counterparts and ladders. Stairs of the second type, that is stationary, are considered any constructions that do not have the possibility of their movement to another place. They are either securely fixed on the wall and in the ceilings of the house, or they are part of the building itself. These are the majority of the stairs that a person encounters in his daily life. Vertical fire models also apply here.

Types of staircases depending on the functional purpose

You can also classify the stairs in relation to their individual components. For example, march stairs can be single, two-march, three-march, etc. The separation between the marches is a playground.

Platforms in the form are as follows:

rectangular and square;
round and oval;
semicircular;
faceted;
curvilinear.

As for the steps, there are such models as:

Open. The space under the crotch remains open, which makes it possible to increase the area of contact with the foot, but not always comfortable for visual perception.
Closed. Between the treads are mounted risers. The staircase looks more massive and full.

It is also worth noting that there are open and closed staircases. In the first case, there is a lack of handrails on the sides. In the second case, the railings protect the march from both sides or the staircase partially adjoins the wall and then only the outer fence is sufficient.

Variants of open and closed stairs and steps

Materials

For the manufacture of staircases, completely different materials can be used. It is for this criterion that the following classification of stairs is made.

Wooden.The classical approach to the arrangement of the ascent to the floor. Such models are more relevant for private homes. They are entirely made up of wood, the quality of which has the most requirements. The tree can change in volume with fluctuations in humidity and temperature, and also be susceptible to destruction by living organisms, for example, mold and insects. That is why it is important to handle all the wooden parts and select hardwood for work.
Metal.This is a solid and reliable design, which without additional finishing may seem too rude and gloomy. To create a frame and steps, a wide variety of alloys and profile shapes are used. This is ideal for external staircases, but additional corrosion protection still does not hurt.
Concrete.Heavy and monolithic in appearance products. For strength, they are reinforced with reinforcement and pulled together with overlaps. It is not easy to work with concrete, therefore it is better to use prefabricated concrete billets to create dimensional marches. To fill from scratch, you need a formwork and a vibratory installation.
Brick.In a private house, brick is used for almost any construction work. The ladder is no exception. Choose solid and strong patterns.
Stone.They are rare, because they are costly at cost. At the same time they are incredibly strong, durable and have an excellent appearance.
Glass.Only a special kind of glass, resistant to damage, is allowed. The view is light and decorative, but there is not enough practicality.

Varieties of staircases depending on the material of manufacture

As an auxiliary material, plastic, MDF, carpet and polymer coatings can also be used. They are more decorative decoration, rather than bear a serious load.

Appointment of stairs

If we consider the stairs according to their functional purpose, standard products and special purpose models are distinguished here. Standard are the usual interstitial and input structures. They are used for elementary movement in everyday life and connect individual levels of the building or street and house.

A little deviate from this concept of basement, attic and attic, but in some cases they can be attributed to the standard. Especially this applies to those models that are a compact version of a full-fledged march or screw design. But the folding options do not fit here.

Basement, attic and attic stairs

To the stairs of a special purpose, in the first place, include evacuation and fire models. They come in different types, but they all stand out in a single category. Also here you can include wall and pitched products for roofs and other unusual for daily use.

Stairs of special purpose

Standard floor-to-ceiling

More detailed consideration of the types of stairs should begin with the interstorey structures. How to look like these products and how to use them, everyone knows, because during the day a person rises and descends the steps repeatedly.

The most common varieties are the flight of stairs. In multi-storey houses they have access to and have the appearance of a direct march. For them, there is always a provision for handrails. The width is often set in the range of 80-100 cm. They are made from precast or monolithic concrete.

For private houses a greater variety of designs is used. If we talk about marches, it is allowed to use rotary and angular march models. And also elegant and compact screw. In addition, the range of permissible materials is much wider.

Separately, it should be noted that in some houses the entrance to the second floor from the street is arranged. This applies not only to private buildings, but also to multi-apartment buildings.

Varieties of interstorey ladder structures

Evacuation

Among the special-purpose structures, it is necessary to distinguish separately fire and evacuation varieties. Without them, they do not have the right to commission multi-storey buildings, especially when it comes to places of congestion. In this case, if fire models are used to provide firefighters access to the floor in the presence of fire, then evacuation systems are designed to remove people from a dangerous building.

There are 3 types of evacuation structures:

1 type - the staircase is located directly in the building and has access to a separate staircase;
2 types - the staircase is actually inside the building, but there is no special fence for it;
3 types - the ladder is located outside the building.

3 types of evacuation ladders

In the first two cases, evacuation exits can be used daily as a regular interstorey ladder. They have a width of at least 80-100 cm and are made of materials that do not heat up in the presence of ignition and do not ignite.

External evacuation exits are used only for their intended purpose. The best option is a straight march of metal with intermediate platforms that extend to each floor.

Also distinguish vertical stairs. They are made of metal and are used only in emergency cases. Can be used by firefighters to save people and eliminate fire. Obligatory condition - presence of an indent from a wall not less than 20 sm.

In addition, it is worth highlighting. They can have access to a naturally ventilated area or be guarded by a special corridor-gateway. If there is a danger of smoke, ventilation is activated and air pressure is provided.

Evacuation models are mandatory for public buildings. In private houses they are installed at a building height of more than 3 floors. The selection of the remaining structures for daily use is carried out in an arbitrary manner. Here a big role is played by personal design preferences and the budget for construction work.

Classification of stairs by purpose by type
Stairs can be classified according to several criteria. On an angle of inclination, the staircases are divided into: main, compact and steep (ladders, ladders and ladders). The main angle of inclination is less than 45 °, compact - 60 ° -45 °, in steep - 60 ° -90 °. By appointment, stairs are interstorey and special (not the main, as well as mansard, fire, attic, ladders). Stairs interstorey - the most important, serve to communicate between the floors of the building and are operated much more often than special. In the case of interfloor staircases, the angle of inclination is usually 30 ° -40 °, for special ones - 45 ° and more. By the intensity of use, the stairs can be basic and auxiliary. By the way of functioning are divided into stationary, transformable, add-on. According to the method of fastening the steps to the base: on strings and strings, on bolts (beskosournye, cantilever, pendant), on the supporting column, monolithic. According to the design of the stairs are divided into: straight, with turning marches, curvilinear (consisting only of the runway steps): marching, screw, spiral, modular (modular can be marching and screw), chain, moth. According to the material, the stairs are divided into concrete, reinforced concrete, stone, wood, steel, ceramic, glass and composite (combining several materials).

Requirement for ladder design

When designing or choosing a ladder, you should consider:

the place of the ladder on the plan and the layout properties;
age and quantitative composition of the residents of the house, their health status;
intensity of operation;
the probability of carrying large objects along the stairs;
the angle of the slope of the ladder along the entire length should be constant and not more than 42 °.
the width of the staircase for a single-family home must not be less than 0.8 m;
the permissible design load on the ladder stage should be not less than 200 kg / m 3, and on the railing - not less than 100 kg / m 3;
the height of the handrail must be at least 0.8 m;
distance in the light between balusters - not more than 0.15 m;
the distance between the ladder march and the wall should not exceed 5-6 cm.

Material for the construction of stairs

Reinforced concrete and concrete staircases are mainly installed in residential multi-storey buildings. They, as a rule, are made in the factory and delivered to the facility in the form of large blocks - with enlarged marches and large-panel paving slabs. The marble slab is laid on the mortar, and the staircases and stoves themselves are welded together. Plus such a ladder - durability and ability to withstand high loads. Minus - apparently seeming cumbersome. Wooden staircases are made both from soft rocks (pine, spruce, larch), and from solid (oak, beech, maple, ash, cedar). In bearing structures, usually do not combine different types of wood, but use in decoration exotic, for example, teak, cherry, cypress, mahogon. For a harmonious combination of a wooden staircase with furniture, windows, doors and parquet, toners and varnishes are used.

Plus wooden stairs - great opportunities for design, presentable appearance. Minus - fire danger and the need for regular care. Metal staircases in the house usually play a supporting role. Moreover, they are located both in the building itself, for example, screwed, and on its facade, for example, fire escape stairs. They are made of steel. Plus metal stairs - reliability and elegance of the design, especially if it is made by forging. Minus - slippery steps, so that is likely to fall. To avoid this, slippery steps are usually laid anti-slip mats. Stairs made of natural stone are very appropriate in representative buildings and luxury apartments. When working with a stone, a sense of proportion is important, since its main disadvantage is cumbersomeness. Therefore, stone usually produce steps and a frame, handrails, etc. - from other materials. The second minus - on the steps of the stone (as in the case of metal, as well as ceramic and glass), it is easy to slip, because the stone steps are polished. Plus stone stairs - strength, resistance to chemical attack and abrasion, reliability and durability.
Ceramics - this is one of the possible solutions for those who want to decorate the floors and stairs in a single style. Plus - resistance to chemical attack and abrasion. Minus - fragility (with a very strong impact tiles can crack). The second minus is the probability of slipping (if the ceramic has a rough surface). Glass - the most unconventional, but very effective and, perhaps, even avant-garde material for stairs. Usually use shockproof or reinforced glass, combining it with other materials. Plus a ladder design made of glass - aesthetics and elegance. Minus is brittleness and slippery steps.

Ladder design types

The staircase consists of a base and steps. The basis is the supporting beams (kosour, bowstring, bolts) or pillar. Kosoura are located under the steps, and the bowstring - on the sides (ends) of the steps. Boltz is mounted in the wall and joins the steps with each other.
The steps can be open or with a riser. Depending on the form, they can be straight, straight, beveled, zapezhnye and arched. Their number in the march must be at least three and not more than 18. The structure of the ladder also includes grounds and marches. The march connects two staircases and relies on them. Railings, balusters, sculpture, as well as built-in lighting refer to additional and decorative elements of the staircase design. The width of ladder flights and landing areas of stairs should be at least 1 m (0.8 m allowed). Between the door and the stairs, it is necessary to equip the pad with a minimum width corresponding to the width of the door. The maximum height of the riser and treads for the inside staircase is 17 and 29 cm, respectively. Increasing the step height by 1 mm requires a reduction in its width by 2 mm. The height of the steps of circular and spiral stairways is usually from 18 to 20 cm, their width varies from 50 to 100 cm. The depth of the steps of the spiral staircase at a distance of 15 cm from the supporting column should be not less than 10 cm. The cut of the edge of the steps along the tangent increases their width. The last step in height should coincide with the level of the floor.

Species Features

Marching stairs are the most common in construction. They are based on one or two wooden or steel kosoura. Although they can be not only on Kosoura, but, for example, on the knees, they are modular. Combinations are possible: metal oblique, wooden steps, or wooden oblong, glass steps, etc. Marching staircases can consist of one or several spans connected by platforms. If the staircase provides for intermediate platforms and the presence of a passage below them, the distance from the floor to the bottom of the construction of the site must be at least 2.1 m. The turn to the site may be 90 ° or 180 °, but another angle is possible, if required by the layout of the room . Instead of a turning platform, a turn can be arranged with a fan-like arrangement of the feet, which allows not only to change the direction, but also to simultaneously pick up the lifting height. With a 90 ° turn, the three most optimal steps are the most optimal. Spiral staircase - one continuous rotation around the central axis or column, to which, more often, cantilever, fasten the steps (all - zabezhnye). The column carries the own weight of the ladder steps and the operational loads, and sometimes it is also a support for the overlap above the ladder. There may be a variant with a central support and a spiral string. Such stairs occupy a minimum of space.

Spiral stairs - a kind of spiral staircase with two carrying spiral strings. Modular (chain, spinal) stairs. They are based on a metal or wooden module - a "vertebra" with a fixed stage on it. Each module has a device for engaging with the upper and lower similar module, and the coupling in a single beam-kosour is carried out hingedly, at different angles, resulting in a ladder taking the desired shape. Their typology is very diverse: they are straight and turning stairs, with platforms and rounded, spiral and curving. The butterfly ladder or "duck (goose) step" is an extremely compact design with a steepness of more than 45 ° for occasional use.

Calculation
The calculation of the ladder design is based on the definition of the basic dimensions of the ladder march, which will correspond to the convenience and safety of movement as much as possible. For convenient lifting, it is necessary to maintain at each step a certain relationship between the distance to which the person moves forward and the distance to which it rises. The regularities of the optimal ratio of the dimensions of the tread and risers used in calculating the stairs are established: a formula based on the length of the step, the convenience formula, and the safety formula. When designing, you must adhere to the rule that all steps within a single march should be the same size in height and width. The width of the tread and the height of the riser are constant. They are determined on the basis of the following principles: double the height of the riser (b) and the width of the tread (a) should equal the average step of the person: 2b + a = 60-66 cm. This formula is called the "Step Formula". In this case, it is necessary to take into account two more regularities: the most

convenient stairs with the ratio of treads and risers a - b = 12 cm (convenience formula) and the most secure ladders in the ratio a + b = 46 cm (safety formula). The ratio of the tread and the riser determines the slope of the march, which follows from the properties of similar triangles. When selecting it, you must ensure that the vertical distance from the top plane of any step of the stairs to the ceiling is at least 2 m. The slope of the ladder is determined by the ratio of the height to the length of the horizontal projection (projection) of the ladder on the plan, and is an important parameter for calculating the staircase parameters, determines the convenience of moving along it and its steepness. For convenience, the slope should not exceed 40 ° -45 °. A greater bias will cause you to go down the stairs with your back facing forward which is very inconvenient and dangerous. If it is assumed that several people will move along the ladder at the same time, its width should be appropriate. At the design stage, it should be borne in mind that the ladder is a heavy construction. Therefore, when choosing the location of the staircase, remember that it is likely to have to be strengthened or to create an additional supporting structure. The biggest load is created by a spiral staircase. Although it has a big plus - it allows you to save space in the house.

Staircase dictionary
The ladder consists of two main elements: the base (kosour, bowstring, boltsy or pillar) and steps (open or with risers). Additional elements of it are sites between marches, handrails, decorative sculptural elements, balusters, built-in lighting. Operating a set of special staircase concepts and terms will allow you to better understand its design features.
Balusters- decorative details of the fence, located between the steps and railings, and "carrying" the railing.
Balustrade - a set of fencing of the staircase with adjacent areas, consisting of balusters, handrails and intermediate racks.
Bolz - a steel element connecting the steps to each other.
Stage height (riser) - the vertical element of the step; Closing gap between adjacent tears, giving the staircase additional rigidity and serving as an additional support for the tread. Steps without podstupenkov called closed, and with risers - open.

Length (laying) of the ladder march - the distance from the leading edge of the lower frieze stage to the leading edge of the upper frieze stage, measured horizontally along the center line of the ladder march.
Steering step - A step at which the inner side is already external. It is used for turning the staircase.
Kosour - inclined support beam, on which the steps of the ladder march rest on top.

Flight of stairs - inclined part of the staircase - a construction of a number of steps connecting the areas or floors. The number of steps in the march must be at least three and not more than eighteen.
Supporting coarse- the central pillar around which the spiral staircases twist.
Support post - the main element of the fence, carrying all the load together with the handrail.
Base of stairs - a design that holds the ladder in a stationary position.
Railing - safety fencing for staircases and grounds.
Useful width of the ladder march - the distance between the surface of the wall (plastered, lined) or the central pillar (for the spiral staircase) and the inner surface of the handrail, or the distance between the inner surfaces of the two ladder handrails. Measured at the height of the handrail of the finished staircase.

Handrail - a structural element mounted on the railing, wall or stand of the spiral staircase.
Gap (clearance) between the ladder and the wall - the distance in the light from the flight of stairs or the platform to the surface of the wall or adjacent structural elements.
Intermediate staircase - a platform located between the floors.
Tread- horizontal element of the stage. For the convenience of walking it should be no less than the length of the person's foot.
Led size - the horizontal distance to which the leading edge of one step protrudes (hangs) above the tread of the other below the step, that is, the difference between the actual and estimated tread width.
Distance between steps in light- between the upper surface of one stage and the lower surface of the tread of the other, located above.
middle line - The line of the most convenient travel on the stairs.

Spiral staircase- The central rod.
Step - part of the ladder, which is stepped on ascending / descending. Depending on the shape, there are straight, straight slanting, zabezhnye, arc-shaped.
Bowstring - the side of the ladder, the beam or the board to which the steps are attached.
Incline - the ratio of the height of the riser to the width of the tread, which allows you to judge the steepness of the staircase.
Step ladder - the height of one stage, including its thickness.
Width of the stage (treads) is the calculated value, the horizontal distance (along the middle line of the ladder march) from the leading edge of one stage to the leading edge of the next step.

Decide on the material and construction

The decision on what the staircase will be, must be taken at the design stage of the house in order to correctly organize the planning space, determine the size and location of the openings in the floors according to the type of stairs to be chosen, and also provide for its fixing methods. For information: ladders should be attached only to strong supporting structures (from concrete, thick timber, brick at least 25 cm thick), but in no case to thin curtain walls, for example, plasterboard partitions. The interior staircase for the cottage is most conveniently located in the center of the house. This option does not limit the access of natural light to the rooms located along the perimeter of the outer walls, and the descent / ascent to them is quite convenient. If the staircase is located along the outer wall, it will occupy a place where a room with a window could be placed and, as a result, loss of living space. Since the staircases take up a lot of space, one of the architect's tasks is to offer not only a practical and beautiful, but also a compact version. For example, this can be a staircase with a turn, without an intermediate platform for rest, but with several runners. Or the stairs are screwed and fan-shaped. These designs also do not take up much space, they can be placed near a wall or in the middle of a room. They are inexpensive and beautiful, but their installation is best entrusted to qualified specialists. Today in the domestic market a wide range of materials and technologies is presented, which allows you to buy (or build) a staircase suitable for any interior.

A staircase in a modern individual house does not just perform a functional load. The staircase is also an ornament of the house-building, giving the original appearance to even the most ordinary porch. If the house has several floors, then you need to pay attention to the arrangement of stairs to move from one floor to another. It is important to consider their possible trauma danger. Save space should not be. The staircase must be arranged with sufficient width and with sufficient inclination. It is best to entrust the design of such a significant detail of the house to specialists. If you think that your knowledge for equipping the staircase will be enough, we recommend that you take advantage of special literature.

Classification of stairs.

The main types of stairs are classified according to different characteristics.
According to the number of steps, stairs can consist of several marches or one stage. The horizontal part of the stage is called tread. The vertical part of the stage is called the riser. If the width of the tread is to be increased, the staircase can be arranged with some slope.
Stairways are arranged between the floors. At the turn of the stairs, an intermediate platform is arranged. Arrangement of intermediate sites is advisable with a large number of steps (more than 15). This makes it easier to walk on the steps. The steps that adjoin the intermediate platform are called friezes. By their height, they can be smaller than conventional steps. There is an option when they are interfaced with an intermediate platform. If the step at the turning point has the shape of a trapezoid, then it is called a runway. The last step in the ladder march is called the day off.
Depending on the material used for their manufacture, the stairs are metal, wooden, reinforced concrete, etc. (combinations of different materials are possible).
Depending on the mode of operation, lstairs can also be transformable and stationary.
In the direction of movement, separate the right, left and two-sided ladders.
The optimal option for the arrangement of stair flights is their perpendicularity to the facade of the house. In this case, building materials are spent more economically, and the ladder is easier and safer to use.
If the number of steps of the ladder march exceeds 5, then there must be fences. Decorative handrails can be manufactured with fewer steps. The handrails can be located on one or both sides of the ladder march and from the intermediate platforms.
Materials used for the manufacture of stairs.
Stairs in an individual residential building can be made of a variety of materials: concrete, brick, wood, stone and even glass. Any of their above-mentioned materials can be used to arrange internal staircases at home.
To external staircases are made more stringent requirements. There are different types of external staircases. For their implementation, only materials resistant to moisture and sufficiently significant temperature changes can be used. Metal, stone or concrete in this respect are beyond competition. Stairs made of concrete are finished using marble or granite slabs, ceramic tiles, mosaic. If the outer ladder is made of metal, then it is necessary to take measures to prevent corrosion of the metal. If your favorite material is wood, and you preferred it to him, then this material must first be treated with substances that prevent burning and decay (antipyrogen and antiseptic).
Internal staircases of the house are often made of several materials. Well combined metal and wood, metal and glass, metal and stone.

Let's consider in more detail the basic materials used in the manufacture of stairs.

Tree.
This is one of the most popular materials. The properties of wood allow you to create stairs of a variety of designs. Wood is easy to process, has a relatively small price. Most often for the manufacture of staircases are used oak, beech and pine. It is not recommended to use solid wood: it quickly breaks. Glued constructions have proved much better

Metal.
When performing internal ladders, the metal fits well with wood, ceramics, and glass. From metal it is possible to make steps, staircases. Perfectly look railing made of metal, in particular, forged.

Glass.
This material can be used in high-tech interiors. For the elements of the staircase, laminated glass is well suited. The minus of this material is slipping and impracticality (scratches are formed quite quickly).

Stone: natural and artificial.
For the lining of stairs, granite and marble are most often used.
Marble is very beautiful, but in operation it is rather capricious. Marble is easily scratched, it is not resistant to aggressive environments. Facing with marble should be made by a certain technology. The use of glue for tiles or mortar helps to create stains on the stone, which can not be eliminated. Granite, not an example of marble, is much more durable and unpretentious. The lack of natural stone - in its considerable value. That is why, natural stone is replaced by artificial stone. Artificial stone is much cheaper. At its manufacturing innovative technologies are used, and at times it is difficult to distinguish it from a natural material.

Ceramics.
Beautiful, durable and practical material. Due to strength characteristics and resistance to aggressive media, ceramics far exceed natural stone. For the arrangement of stairs, it is advisable to use a tile with a special coating, which prevents slipping. With the non-standard form of the steps, it is necessary to cut and join pieces of ceramic tiles. It looks pretty ugly. Avoid this problem can be, if you buy ready-made steps, made of porcelain stoneware.

The difference of the stairs is due to the design features.

Depending on the design features, these types of stairs are divided.
Stairs on the Kosovar. Kosouur is an inclined beam, which supports the steps of the ladder in the lower part. The staircase on the Kosovra gives the impression of a fundamental construction. Metal, wood or concrete can be used for the manufacture of Kosovores. Usually, there are two Kosovars, but sometimes one Kosor is located, located in the center of the staircase march.
Stairs on the strings. Their distinctive features, reliability and safety. A bowstring is called a side detail (it is fixed to it with steps). You can arrange stairs on the strings with risers and without them. Bowstring can be external and internal. The steps may be free-bearing or attached to walls. Ladder march can also have a different form: straight, curved, angular.
Spiral staircases. Plus this kind of stairs, besides their aesthetics, space saving. Such a staircase will become an ornament of modern and classical interior. It is undesirable to equip spiral staircases in homes where elderly people or young children live. Intermediate areas are not here, so traveling on the stairs is a known difficulty.
The ladder on the heels is self-supporting. The steps of the stairs are fixed directly to the wall. Hence, the necessary condition for the construction of such a ladder is the presence of a bearing wall. The material for making such stairs is concrete, steel or brass. Such stairs are reliable, durable and easy to use. Such steps are easy to keep clean.
Chain ladder. The central bearing structure of such a ladder is a rod of many hinges. The fastening is made in the area of floor and ceiling. The connection of the stages is made by means of metal chain elements. The advantage of this type of staircase is the ability to create the most complex shapes.
Folding stairs. To this type of staircase in the house are ladder-type ladders, "accordion" and telescopic stairs. Their main advantage is their compactness, they occupy the very minimum of the space. Ladder type "accordion" built into the ceiling. In the folded state, it is hidden in a specially equipped niche, but it decomposes if necessary. The ladder type in the folded state is hidden in the attic. It is spread out with a special hook. The telescopic ladder moves and moves apart like a telescope tube. When the required level is reached, the ladder is fixed.
The main requirements for the arrangement of stairs:
The width of the staircase should be at least 1 m.
The slope of the ladder is usually no more than 38 degrees (45 degrees is allowed). The angle of sixty degrees is used for auxiliary stairs.
The distance from the stage to the ceiling must not be less than 2 m.
The width of the intermediate platform should not be less than 1 m, the ladder must have a free passage for reasons of fire safety.
It is necessary to pay attention to lighting the stairs (especially the first and last steps).
Before as , to equip a ladder, it is necessary to consider the following factors:
Calculate which part of the space will take the ladder, taking into account all the safe dimensions.
Choose the type of stair that is best for you.
When adjusting the stairs, take into account the direction of opening the doors located nearby.
Develop a lighting scheme.

The main purpose of the ladder is the connection of different levels of the room, as well as the possibility of lifting and descending to the desired floor. In ancient times, the staircase had a special purpose, it was believed that it joins the worlds, allowing you to move up or down. Since the appearance of the first staircases, mostly made of stone or tree branches, it has been several hundred years that has allowed to improve these designs, creating their various shapes and types.

Today, the manufacture and installation of stairs has gained wide popularity, they are actively used not only in urban buildings, but in architectural buildings outside the city. It is difficult to imagine any multi-storey building without a staircase, even in spite of existing modern ways of lifting or lowering, such as an elevator.

Arrangement of stairs

The structure of the ladder consists of separate elements, in principle, it is considered quite simple: base, steps and fencing, with handrails and handrails.

Base of stairs

The base of the ladder is considered to be the support of the entire supporting structure, this is its leading element, on which the type of the ladder largely depends. Thus, several types of grounds are distinguished: Kosow; string; boltsy and support pillar.

Kosour - this is a bearing beam, which is located under the stairs, in the structure of the staircase can be provided one or two strings.

Bowstring - also represents a carrying beam, which is located at the ends of the ladder, as if tightly fixing the stage, one or two bow strings can also be used.

Bolz - this, in fact, carrying a ladder guard, by means of which the steps are fastened with one end at the expense of the posts to the rail, and the other - they are attached to the wall.

Support stand - the support of the spiral staircase, or otherwise - the central pillar on which the main load is distributed, around which to fasten in a spiral steps.

Each base assumes its own peculiarities of the location of the staircase in the interior of the room. So, designs with strings or strings, or rely on beams, due to which stairwells are supported, or can be self-supporting, having support points only in the upper and lower part of the span. Basically, they are used to give a more voluminous form and occupy a larger area. It's quite another thing - it's a ladder on the bolts, its design looks almost weightless, elegant and compact due to the fact that the steps are either attached directly to the wall, or are located on rod supports. As for the support column, it is used only in one type of staircase, which goes upwards in a spiral.

Stair steps

The second important element of the ladder is the steps. They, depending on the size and appearance, provide the convenience of a step, and also give the stairs either pomposity or grace. There are different types of staircases, the basis, as a rule, is any form of a geometric figure: a rectangle, a polyhedron, a triangle. Steps of the ladder can have a closed form, in this case additional elements are used - podstupenniki, or open, when they are not provided.

The width of the steps is also different, basically the minimum value is 200-250 mm, and the maximum - no more than 400 mm, but such parameters are arbitrary, you can choose more non-standard sizes.

Fencing, railings and handrails

A guard with handrails is the final element of the ladder design, it is he who performs the function of protecting against accidental falls. Especially, this is true for steep spiral staircases, which, despite all the magnificence of the exterior, are considered to be among the most dangerous in terms of injuries.

The appearance of the fence can also have a different shape, it can be made in the form of racks, beams or rectangular elements. Handrails and railings of the staircase are part of the fence, and, on the one hand, they provide security, and on the other hand, they allow to give the whole ladder design uniqueness, completeness and beauty.

Materials used in the manufacture of staircases

A lot of building and finishing materials allows today to use their various options for the manufacture of stairs. Typically, the supporting structure is made of reinforced concrete, wood or metal, and decorated with other facing materials: stone, forging, glass, ceramic tile, mosaic and the like. A combination of several materials in one ladder, for example, wood and metal, or metal, glass and natural stone, is also recognized as successful.

Tree

The most often used for making stairs is wood of various types of wood: oak, pine, larch, ash, maple. However, there are some features for its use - for starters, the wood is well dried, a minimum moisture percentage of 6% to 12% is allowed, then the wooden elements of the ladder are stuck together from several bars, which allows them to be preserved for years to come and to protect them from defects, due to temperature fluctuations. It is also very important to remember that in the manufacture of parts their geometry must have an ideal shape, only in this case it is possible to avoid further deformation.

Before the installation of the ladder, the wooden surface is covered with varnish or oil. The varnish provides a high level of wear resistance to the steps, but with time it is erased, which requires additional grinding of the worn surface. But the oil penetrates into the depths of the wood, brightening its texture, and provides a longer life of the elements of the ladder. You can start assembling and installing a wooden staircase only after completing all the finishing works, otherwise its appearance may suffer.

Metal

Another popular staircase material, especially for hi-tech style, is metal. As a rule, stainless steel or cast iron is used in the base of the ladder and for its steps. The frame, made of stainless material, is most often used for spiral staircases because of the high load on its base.

In addition, metal ladders are also manufactured. For the manufacture of railings, the metal can be subjected to special galvanic treatment, such as chromium plating, nickel plating, and the like. But it should also be remembered that in this case it is necessary to use threaded joints that are fastened with a nut. Also, the metal can be given various effects: rubbing, bronzing, or shading, by applying special coatings. Beautifully look in the interior and forged or curved metal elements of the stairs, giving the interior a special atmosphere of wealth.

A rock

Stone stairs also have a unique appearance and are more durable. Most often, marble or granite is used to make stairs of their stone. As a rule, as a rule, reinforced concrete is taken. If the staircase is installed in the house, then in principle, it does not really matter which building material to choose, since both have a low degree of wear. But, if it is a ladder in the street, then stone steps, especially in winter, can be a serious danger, especially if they have been polished. A safer option is a stone surface, the top layer of which has undergone thermal treatment, otherwise - fire burning, resulting in this light roughness will help to avoid falling from the stairs.

Basic types of stairs

Intermediate staircases, depending on the layout and location in the room are divided into two large categories: marching and screw.

Marching stairs

Marching stairs - This type of ladder design, which is recognized as one of the popular in use. In many respects this is determined by the ease of operation of this type of staircase in almost any building. Their design consists of one or more marches (or otherwise - spans), connected by one or more intermediate platforms. The shape of the flight ladder is different, it can be straight, curved in three projections, Z- or S-shaped, or have a turn.

There are several types of staircases, which differ in the number of marches, so one-two-or multi-march staircases are distinguished. By name it is easy to determine how many marches are used in the stairs.

As a rule, in one march of the staircase there are at least three and not more than fifteen steps. Traditionally, the march is used in ten to eleven stages - this quantity is considered optimal, it provides ease of descent or ascent. Longer structures are divided by intermediate platforms, in width equal to or slightly higher than the dimensions of the ladder march. In many respects the turn, which can be in 90, 180 or 360 degrees, will also save space, turning the fundamentality of the design into an advantage, since some use space under the stairs for some auxiliary room.

Spiral staircases

Spiral staircases, or else - spiral, are considered an alternative to marching, but they are less convenient for descent or ascent. Therefore, this type of staircase is conceived more as an auxiliary, more often, performing the function of decorating the interior. However, for small rooms a spiral staircase is the best option, as it is more compact and does not allow you to hide excess space.

The whole design of the spiral staircase is usually located around the central column or column, forming the correct radius and rising up the spiral, and the base is fastened to the steps. The narrow side of the stage is attached to the rack, and wide - to the wall or fence. The shape of the steps of the spiral staircase, as a rule, is open, thus there is no riser. The profile of the structure is called a ladder screw, which can take the form of a circle, square, wedge or rectangle.

Having made the decision to install a staircase in a residential building, one can get lost in all the variety of forms and types of their constructions. Therefore, before finally making a choice, it is worth to evaluate not only the advantages of appearance, but also design facilities, as well as a single direction of the artistic style in interior design. Only a successful combination of all these factors will ensure the convenience of moving in a multi-storey building.