Discussion of the topic of forming and strengthening the unity of the Russian nation in recent years has taken place not only within the framework of scientific discourse regarding the relationship between civil and ethnic approaches in the definition of “nation,” but has also become an integral part of the political agenda. The concept of “Russian nation”, as well as its conceptual vision, was revealed by the Presidents of the Russian Federation in their speeches at different times.
So, V.V. Putin has repeatedly, in his messages to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, as well as in his speeches, emphasized the civil unity and ethnocultural diversity of the Russian nation, noting its uniqueness from a historical and geocultural point of view. Thus, at a working meeting on issues of interethnic and interfaith relations, held in the Chuvash Republic on February 5, 2004, the President of the Russian Federation noted: “... we have every reason to talk about the Russian people as a single nation... Our ancestors did a lot to ensure that so that we feel this unity. This is our historical and our current reality too. Representatives of the most diverse ethnic groups and religions in Russia feel like a truly united people. They use all their cultural wealth and diversity in the interests of the entire society and the entire state. We are obliged to preserve and strengthen our national historical unity.”
Speaking on June 28, 2008 at the opening ceremony of the V World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples in Khanty-Mansiysk, President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev noted that “the very historical development of the Russian nation was based to a large extent on the wealth and preservation of the ethnocultural and multi-confessional environment. Based on centuries of peaceful experience, more than one hundred and sixty peoples live in one state. Thanks to this, the unity of the Russian nation has withstood many tests. And today it is an important factor in overcoming extremist sentiments, nationalism and religious intolerance.”
The Russian people and Russians are historically very long-standing self-designations of the inhabitants (citizens - after the emergence of the concept of citizenship) of our country.
The concept of “Russian people (Russians)” was born during the time of Peter I and M.V. Lomonosov, and was used in the author’s language of “History of the Russian State” by Nikolai Karamzin. At the same time, it was not opposed to the concept of “Russians” (people). For example, in Ushakov’s explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, the word “Russian” is defined as “Russian, citizen of Russia” and is characterized as “an ancient official solemnity.”
The odes of Trediakovsky, Sumarokov and Lomonosov were addressed to the “Russians”; “Russians” were sent into battle by Skobelev and Brusilov.
When in the XVIII-XIX centuries. On the basis of civic nationalism, the idea of modern nations in Europe and America was formed; in Russia, the idea of the Russian or “all-Russian nation” (P.B. Struve) was also affirmed, and the words “Russian” and “Russian” were largely synonymous. The word Russian related more to customs and culture, and Russian - to the concept of the people of the country.
Like other supporters of Russian nationalism in its liberal-imperial or federalist variants, P.B. Struve quite rightly believed that “Russia is a national state” and that, “geographically expanding its core, the Russian state has turned into a state that, being multinational, at the same time has national unity.”
However, in Russia there were also supporters of a narrow ethnographic understanding of Russian, those who wanted to equate Russians and Great Russians, and proposed to consider the traditional area of settlement of Great Russians as a national territory.
At the same time, the definition of Russians as a nation really represents an innovation, because before 1917 this concept was only beginning to be established in the form of the category of a “great Russian nation,” which included all Orthodox Christians and all Eastern Slavs, and in some cases, all residents of the country.
The process of establishing the image of Russia as a national state of a “Russian multinational nation” was not completed by 1917, not so much because of the multi-ethnic composition of the population or the vastness of the territory, but because of the lack of a unified ideology and the slowness of the state apparatus. Subsequently, the concept of “Russians” was used in the 1950s by the philosopher of Russian diaspora S. Levitsky (1908-1983).
The theme of the formation of the Russian nation was present in the works of historian and ethnologist L.N. Gumilyov. He, in particular, paid special attention to the problem of interethnic contacts, including in Russian history, arguing that the Russians are an ethnic group made up of three components: Slavs, Finno-Ugric peoples and Tatars.
In the 1990s of the 20th century, the term “Russians” was regularly used by Russian President B.N. Yeltsin in televised addresses to the people.
A number of representatives of nationalist organizations maintain a negative attitude towards the term “Russians”, as a concept that allegedly depersonalizes the ethnicity of the different peoples of Russia, including the Russian people.
However, it is not. The concept of “Russians” acts as a characteristic of a community of people with Russian citizenship. The ideologeme of the “Russian (civil) nation” is a real factor uniting the multi-ethnic community of Russian citizens, and in this regard, it is important that, as sociological studies show, a significant part of Russians recognize the existence of the Russian nation.
The results of sociological research commissioned by the Russian Ministry of Regional Development make it possible to identify an emerging trend of strengthening the all-Russian civic identity in society. For example, according to a survey by VTsIOM, 73% of Russian schoolchildren, first of all, identify themselves as citizens of Russia, and only secondarily as representatives of their nationality (35%).
The survey results (diagram 1) recorded the highest level of civic self-identification among schoolchildren in Kaliningrad (85%), Belorechensk (82%) and Voronezh (81%), the lowest among schoolchildren in St. Petersburg (63%), Yakutsk (65% ) and Nalchik (66%). For approximately a third of schoolchildren in Kaliningrad, Tomsk and Nalchik, regional identity (“Siberian”, “Caucasian”, etc.) is also very important.
Diagram 1.
The tendency to identify themselves with representatives of their nationality is most pronounced among schoolchildren from Kazan (40%), Moscow (42%) and Vladivostok (43%). At the same time, the degree of actualization of ethnic identity increases as schoolchildren grow older. Thus, if in grades 5-6 it gives way to self-identification by occupation (29 versus 32%), then in grades 9-11 already 40% of schoolchildren identify themselves with their nationality.
From the point of view of the state, civic identity should be basic for Russian citizens, which does not mean the abolition of other self-identifications (ethnic, tribal, religious, social, professional, corporate, etc.). This is the powerful potential of civil solidarity.
This approach is far from both the policy of assimilation (which takes place in France, Turkey, and a number of post-Soviet states) and the ideology of the “melting pot” (previously characteristic of the United States).
In other words, the Russian path implies the simultaneous presence of many identities in an individual, with the basic one being civil (all-Russian).
This thesis can be illustrated by the results of respondents’ answers to the question: “Without denying your national (in the sense of ethnic) affiliation, could you also say about yourself: “My nationality is Russian”?
With this question posed, 58% said an unequivocal “yes,” and another 17% indicated that when traveling abroad, they could consider themselves Russians by nationality (Table 1).
Table 1. Distribution of answers to the question “My nationality is Russian”
| 1. Yes | 2. Yes, if I am in another country | 3. No | 4. I find it difficult to answer | |
| Tula | 74,4 | 9,4 | 10,0 | 6,3 |
| Balakovo | 67,4 | 11,5 | 10,5 | 10,5 |
| Khabarovsk | 62,9 | 16,3 | 12,5 | 8,3 |
| Syktyvkar | 61,9 | 18,3 | 11,5 | 8,3 |
| Moscow | 59,4 | 15,1 | 17,1 | 8,3 |
| Orenburg | 58,7 | 32,8 | 8,5 | - |
| Pyatigorsk | 56,1 | 19,6 | 16,7 | 7,6 |
| Arkhangelsk | 52,9 | 20,8 | 16,9 | 9,4 |
| Omsk | 51,7 | 14,9 | 23,6 | 9,7 |
| Yekaterinburg city | 51,0 | 24,1 | 18,3 | 6,6 |
| Surgut | 48,9 | 17,3 | 16,2 | 17,5 |
| Gorno-Altaisk | 48,8 | 22,8 | 18,3 | 10,1 |
| Yakutsk | 41,4 | 25,8 | 11,1 | 21,7 |
| Grozny | 23,5 | 36,4 | 28,9 | 11,2 |
| GENERALLY | 57,7 | 17,0 | 16,9 | 8,4 |
The results obtained make it possible to assess how great is the readiness of a significant number of Russian citizens to recognize co-citizenship, and government policy has the right to promote this.
36
Municipal program
“Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and ethnocultural development
peoples in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district
Republic of Bashkortostan"
Approved
by administrative decree
municipal district
Davlekanovsky district
Republic of Bashkortostan
municipal program
|
1. Program name |
Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and ethnocultural development of peoples in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district Republic of Bashkortostan |
|
2. Basis for the development program |
implementation of state national politics in the Republic of Bashkortostan", State program "Strengthening unity of the Russian nation and ethnocultural development of peoples in the Republic of Bashkortostan”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated September 7, 2016 No. 379 |
|
3. Program customer |
Municipal district administration |
|
4. Program developers |
Department of Culture of the Municipal District Davlekanovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan |
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5. Goals and objectives of the program |
strengthening the all-Russian civil consciousness, unity and spiritual community of the multinational people of the Republic of Bashkortostan strengthening civil unity and ensuring the harmonization of interethnic relations; preservation and development of the ethnic uniqueness of the peoples of Russia; preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan |
|
6. The most important target indicators and indicators of the program |
Participation in international, all-Russian, interregional, republican competitions and festivals aimed at strengthening interethnic unity, units; number of events aimed at developing the culture of the peoples of Russia, units. number of participants in events aimed at the ethnocultural development of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan, people. |
|
7. Timing and stages of program implementation |
2017 - 2022 without division into stages |
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8. Volumes and sources of financing |
For the implementation of program activities will be allocated in 2017-2022 from budget funds of the municipal district Davlekanovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan 1200.0 thousand rubles, including by year: 2017 - 200.0 thousand rubles; 2018 - 200.0 thousand rubles; 2019 - 200.0 thousand rubles; 2020 - 200.0 thousand rubles; 2021 - 200.0 thousand rubles; 2022 - 200.0 thousand rubles. |
|
9. Expected final results |
Participation in international, all-Russian, republican competitions and festivals aimed at strengthening interethnic unity, 30 units; number of activities aimed for the development of the culture of the peoples of Russia, 21 units; number of event participants, aimed at ethnocultural development peoples of Russia, 26,682 people. |
1. Characteristics of the current state of the sphere of strengthening unity
Russian nation and ethnocultural development of peoples
in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district
Davlekanovsky district is located in the southwest of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 90 kilometers from the city of Ufa. Formed in 1930. Its center is the city of Davlekanovo. There are 91 rural settlements in the region.
The population is 41 thousand people, of which 18.3 thousand live in rural areas. National composition (based on the results of the 2010 census):
15,146 (36.3%) - Bashkirs
15059 (36.1%) - Russians
7321 (17.5%) - Tatars
1436 (3.4%) - Chuvash
1376 (3.3%) are Ukrainians.
In the region, much attention is paid to strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of peoples, since the stability and prosperity of a multinational state, its sovereignty, civil peace, and observance of the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples depend on this.
Effective national policy influences public consciousness, contributes to the formation of a positive worldview, instilling in the younger generation a sense of patriotism, strengthening friendship and harmony between peoples, and preserving historically established state unity.
There are regional public organizations: Bashkir kurultai, Russian cathedral, Tatar congress, Chuvash Kanash society, which do a lot of work to preserve the original culture, study languages, provide methodological assistance in organizing events, cooperate with the administration of the municipal district, educational institutions, cultural institutions, etc. public organizations.
In order to preserve traditions, develop and popularize folk art of the peoples living in the region, 5 national cultural centers were created:
1. Russian Center of National Culture (Ivanovo branch of the district House of Culture).
2. Bashkir Center of National Culture (Kuryatmasovsky).
3. Tatar Center of National Culture (Tashly-Sharipovsky).
4. Chuvash Center of National Culture (Chuyunchi-Nikolaevsky).
5. Ukrainian Center of National Culture (Khotomlinsky).
In the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district there are: the district House of Culture with 35 branches in rural areas, the Davlekanovskaya intersettlement central library (central library, central children's library, city branch No. 1 and 23 branches in rural areas (2 of them are rural model libraries), historical local history museum, Akhiyar Khakimov museum, film video network, Children's art school.
In the region and city there are 9 groups with the title “People’s”, and 8 - “Exemplary”.
In the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district, the Commission on State-Religious Relations under the administration of the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district and the Council under the administration on strengthening interethnic harmony are working. Joint meetings are held quarterly. Work is underway with religious organizations and representatives of national communities. In order to prevent antisocial manifestations among young people, conversations with representatives of traditional faiths are organized in educational institutions.
Leaders of religious organizations take part in citywide parent meetings.
The necessary conditions have been created in the region for the formation of a favorable environment aimed at the ethnocultural and multicultural development of children and youth: there are cultural and educational institutions working together to strengthen civil unity and harmonize interethnic relations. District media carry out information activities in two state languages of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
The area hosts events dedicated to National Unity Day, as well as ceremonial events dedicated to memorable dates of the peoples of Russia.
The open regional festival of folk art “Pearls of Folk Art”, “Shezhere Bayramy”, “Broad Maslenitsa”, “Navruz”, “Day of Slavic Literature”, etc. are held annually.
The development of interethnic relations and interregional contacts is promoted by the annual regional holiday of labor, culture and sports “Sabantuy”.
The most important direction in the field of culture and art of the region is the development of interregional and international cooperation: creative teams actively participate in international, all-Russian and republican competitions.
Activities for the development of national cultures and interregional cooperation in various fields are relevant and aimed not only at preserving interethnic peace and harmony in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district, but also at popularizing national holidays.
In the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district there are 22 educational institutions (16 secondary, 4 basic, 2 primary), 10 branches of secondary and basic schools. The total number of students is 4634, of which:
Preschool education system includes 18 preschool educational institutions and 11 preschool groups at MOBU secondary school in the village of Ivangorod, village. Dawn, p. Imai-Karmaly, p. Ivanovka, s. Chuyunchi, MOBU OOSH village. Mikiashevo, Chuyunchi-Nikolaevka village, MBOU NOSH village Sokolovka, village. Kazangulovo, MOBU secondary school No. 1, Davlekanovo.
Preschool education services covered 1,738 children: in the city of Davlekanovo - 1,425, in rural settlements - 313.
The system of additional education in the region is represented by two institutions of additional education for children:
Children's Art House, where 1,378 children receive additional educational services;
Children's and youth sports school "Sambo-75", which has 570 people.
Education conducted in Russian, bashk Irish, Chuvash languages. Schools organize the study of native Russian, Bashkir, Tatar and Chuvash languages.
In 8 schools (including 5 branches) 621 students study in the Bashkir language, which is 47% of the total number of schoolchildren of Bashkir nationality. In 11 schools, 504 students study their native Bashkir language, which is 38% of the total number of schoolchildren of Bashkir nationality, and in 9 schools (including 2 branches) 470 students (36%) study Bashkir as the state language. In total, 1279 students study and study the language in the Bashkir language, which is 98% of the total number of students of Bashkir nationality.
In 5 schools Tatar is taught as a native language. Two schools in the district provide instruction in the Chuvash language.
In the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district there are two innovative national educational organizations: MOBU Lyceum Boarding School, MOBU BGI No. 3.
Teachers of native languages play a major role in the implementation of language and nationality policies. A methodological association has been created.
2. Goal and objectives of the municipal program
The goal of the municipal program is determined in accordance with the Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2012 No. 1666, the federal target program “Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia (2014-2020) )", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 20, 2013 No. 718 (with subsequent amendments), the state program "Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of peoples in the Republic of Bashkortostan", approved by Decree of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated September 7, 2016 No. 379 and provides:
Comprehensive development of interethnic relations and preservation of the ethnocultural diversity of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan;
Strengthening the all-Russian civil identity and spiritual community of the multinational people of the Russian Federation (Russian nation);
Preservation and development of the ethnocultural diversity of the peoples of Russia;
Promoting the comprehensive and harmonious development of the Bashkir ethnic group;
Harmonization of national and interethnic (interethnic) relations;
Promotion of national and cultural development;
Formation in children and youth of all-Russian civic consciousness, a sense of patriotism, civic responsibility, pride in the history of the country, nurturing a culture of interethnic communication based on tolerance, respect for the honor and national dignity of citizens, the spiritual and moral values of the peoples of Russia;
The forecast for the development of the situation in the sphere of strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district was formed in accordance with the strategic documents of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the forecast period, additional conditions will be created in the region for successful work on the harmonization of interethnic relations, to strengthen intercultural dialogue and civil unity based on active interaction with public associations and youth organizations.
The goal of the municipal program is to strengthen the all-Russian civic consciousness, unity and spiritual community of the multinational people living in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
To achieve this goal, the implementation of the municipal program provides for the solution of the following tasks:
Strengthen civil unity and ensure the harmonization of interethnic relations;
Ensure the preservation and development of the ethnic uniqueness of the peoples of Russia;
Preserve the diversity of culture and language of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
3. Timing and stages of implementation of the municipal program
The municipal program is designed for the period from 2017 to 2022 without dividing into stages to ensure continuity in solving the assigned tasks.
4. List of target indicators and indicators of the municipal program
Target indicators of the program were established in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 602 “On ensuring interethnic harmony”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 20, 2013 No. 718 “On the federal target program “Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of peoples” Russia (2014-2020)", Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 24, 2014 No. 808 "On approval of the Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy", Decrees of the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated May 4, 1999 No. UP-243 "On the implementation of the Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan "On languages of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan" (with subsequent amendments), dated November 30, 2013 No. UP-371 "On assessing the effectiveness of the activities of republican executive bodies" (with subsequent amendments), other regulatory legal documents in the field of national policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
List of target indicators:
participation in international, all-Russian, interregional, republican competitions and festivals aimed at strengthening interethnic unity,
number of events aimed at developing culture peoples living in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district;
the number of participants in events aimed at the ethnocultural development of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
SCROLL
target indicators and performance indicators of the municipal program
“Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of peoples
in the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan"
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Name of the target indicator and indicator of the municipal program, unit of measurement |
Actual value of target indicator and indicator |
Values of the target indicator and indicator by year |
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Participation in International, All-Russian, Interregional, Republican competitions and festivals aimed at strengthening interethnic unity |
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Number of events aimed at developing culture peoples living in the Davlekanovsky district(units) |
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The number of participants in events aimed at the ethnocultural development of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan |
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5. Information on the procedure for collecting information and methods for calculating program indicators
The source of information for the calculation is data from municipal cultural and art institutions implementing program activities.
6. Financial support of the municipal program
The implementation of program activities is carried out at the expense of the budget of the municipal district of Davlekanovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
The projected amount of funding for the program is 1200.0 thousand rubles:
2017 - 200.0 thousand rubles;
2018 - 200.0 thousand rubles;
2019 - 200.0 thousand rubles;
2020 - 200.0 thousand rubles;
2021 - 200.0 thousand rubles;
2022 - 200.0 thousand rubles.
11th grade student of MAOUSOSH No. 27, Balakovo Ivanova Margarita
Creative work was presented at the XXI International Intellectual Festival "Politics Around Us", dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Saratov province. Took third prize.
The purpose of the work was to consider the problems and achievements of the national policy of the Russian Federation using the example of the Saratov region and the city of Balakovo
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MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 27"
WITH IN-DEPTH STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS"
BALAKOVO, SARATOV REGION
The strength of Russia lies in the unity of its peoples.
Together we can do a lot.
Work completed:
11th grade student A
MAOU secondary school No. 27
Ivanova Margarita
Supervisor:
history teacher and
social studies
Varfolomeeva
Tatyana Fedorovna
Balakovo 2016
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3-4
Chapter 1. Nations and interethnic relations in Russia……………..5-8
Chapter 2. Interethnic relations in the Saratov region.......... 9-11
Chapter 2.1. Balakovo – a multinational city….………………………11-12
Chapter 2.2.Increasing the level of interethnic relations in the city of Balakovo………………………………………………………………………………12-13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….14
References……………………………………………………..…..15
Appendix……………………………………………………………..15-17
Introduction
“A person who extols only his own people, but at the same time humiliates another people, does not even notice that by doing this he is lowering both his personal and national dignity.”
(E. Yevtushenko)
The world has been and remains multinational, and there is no good reason to believe that it will cease to be so in the future. There are about five thousand peoples on our planet. 321 nations make up 96.2% of the total population of the Earth, each consisting of more than 1 million people. Moreover, 79 of them are the largest with a population of over 10 million people each and form almost 4/5 of the world’s population. Countries with one nationality are comparatively rare. Each country is home to several dozen to hundreds of peoples. Many peoples live within two or more states.
Chapter 1
but, on the contrary, I bestow.”
(A. De Sainte - Exupery)
The unification of several nations in one country entails relationships between people of different nationalities, which often leads to interethnic conflicts. And our country is no exception. The Russian Federation is a multinational state, so the problem of interethnic interaction has always been and remains relevant.
This problem was considered already in the 19th century. And during the years of the Great October Revolution, conditions were created for the cessation of national hostility, the unity of the Soviet people, and internationalism was proclaimed. However, the collapse of the USSR in 1991 entailed the self-determination of nations that were previously part of the single state of the Russian Federation. This led to ethnic confrontation, conflicts and even wars. The collapse of ideals and disappointment in economic reforms led many people to turn to parties and movements that preached the ideas of nationalism.
At the beginning of the 21st century, nationalism began to gain popularity among the masses, but the attraction to ethnic and civic nationalism is still in an unstable position. And this state of the country becomes unpredictable: conflicts occur based on interethnic contradictions. Why do people of different nationalities hate each other?
Each nationality has its own characteristics that distinguish it from others. Obviously, this causes hostility, the idea is created that for some reason they are not like us, which means they have no place among us. Therefore, there is a need for a well-thought-out national policy aimed at regulating interethnic relations: nation-building, the fight against extreme manifestations of nationalism , resolution of interethnic conflicts peacefully, development of the cultural identity of peoples while maintaining the integrity of the state.
In this regard, the goal of the work is to consider the problems and achievements of the national policy of the Russian Federation using the example of the Saratov region and the city of Balakovo.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
- Define the concepts of “nation” and “national policy”, ways to solve the national question.
- Collection and analysis of material on the national composition and interethnic relations in the Saratov region and Balakovo region.
- Collection and analysis of material on the national composition of school students.
- Show the need to form interethnic unity of the peoples of our country by increasing patriotism and tolerance among peoples.
- Find out how problems are solved to achieve peace and harmony between different nationalities using the example of the Saratov region and the city of Balakovo.
The research method was comparisons, analysis of the work of centers of national cultures, a survey of representatives of nationalities living in the city of Balakovo and students of MAOU Secondary School 27.
Chapter 1
Nations and interethnic relations in Russia
"If I'm not like you in any way,
I'm not insulting you with this at all,
but, on the contrary, I bestow.”
(A. De Sainte - Exupery)
History shows us that in the life of mankind there are various forms of interethnic interaction between people - clan, tribe, nationality, nation. From the point of view of national and ethnic relations, the main ones are ethnos and nation. Science asserts that an ethnos is a community of people, historically formed in a certain territory, who have a common culture, language, and consciousness of their unity. The process of nation formation is complex. When a nation is formed, the unity of territory, language, and economic ties is of great importance. The unity of the nation is supported by material and psychological factors, common spiritual values, national identity, and historical memory. Self-awareness allows a person to feel his people and their interests. At the same time, compare with the interests of other peoples.
Philosopher I.A. Ilyin identifies 10 main national values of “treasures” - national language, national dances and songs, national fairy tales, history of the people, prayer, lives of saints and heroes, economy, army and territory. In these “treasures” the philosopher sees the “spirit of national education” and believes that the task of each generation is to faithfully transmit this spirit.
A terrible phenomenon of the modern global world is nationalism, the assertion of the superiority of one nation over another. This term was first introduced in the 19th century by the philosopher Herder and Abbot Barruel, a clear manifestation of which was the struggle of the New World elites against Spanish rule. By 1815, nationalism became the leading ideology in the world. In addition, the concept of “xenophobia” is often used - rejection, intolerance, hatred of others, be it language, culture, appearance. This leads to socially dangerous, illegal behavior. Tolerance is a bridge that allows us to connect different things into a single whole for the benefit of all. The events that take place in the world and in our country on the basis of interethnic contradictions alarm not only the leadership of countries, but also ordinary people on planet Earth. Therefore, many scientists and political figures are working to resolve the problems of interethnic relations. For this purpose, negotiations are being held, the media are being used, and round tables of representatives of the clergy of various faiths are being organized. Giving each other a hand is our path.
The total population of Russia as of January 1, 2016 is 146.519759 people (including Crimea) according to the preliminary population estimate as of 01/01/2016. The population of Russia as of January 1, 2015 was 146.267288 people. According to preliminary estimates, the population growth in Russia in 2015 was 0.17% or 252,471 people.
Russia It is one of the multinational states: more than 180 peoples live on its territory. The most numerous people in Russia areRussians : their number is more than 111 million people - this is 78% of the total population. The second largest nation in the Russian Federation isTatars : their number is 5.3 million people, which is 3.7% of the total population. In third place areUkrainians : about 2 million people, which is approximately 1.4% of the total population.
The process of formation of the Russian people was not simple, because... Numerous peoples, including non-Slavic ones, took part in its formation. However, during the early period of Russian history, there was no such phenomenon as nationalism.
In Russia, nationalism appeared in the second half of the 18th century, in connection with the interest of educated circles of high society in Western European philosophy. The first Russian writer who began to use the word “nationalism” was A. I. Herzen. In Russia, the authorities were hostile to minority nationalism.
Russian philosopher , writer And publicist , ideologist of the Russian All-Military Union, Ilyin Ivan Aleksandrovich believed that true nationalism opens a person’s eyes to the national identity of other peoples: it teaches not to despise other peoples, but to honor their spiritual achievements and their national feeling, for they are also involved in the gifts of God, and they have realized them in their own way, as best they could. He also teaches thatinternationalismthere is a spiritual illness and a source of temptations; So whathyper-nationalismaccessible only to a true nationalist: to create something beautiful for everyone nations can only be established in the creative womb his people. True greatness is always rooted. A true genius is always national.
In order to resolve acute problems in interethnic relations, in 1996, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Concept of State National Policy was approved, aimed at ensuring the unity and integrity of Russia. State policy is based on the principles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The preamble of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that Russia is a multinational state, law and freedom, peace and harmony are affirmed. The Basic Law guarantees human rights and freedoms regardless of nationality (Article 2.18). Everyone has the right to a national language (Article 26). Propaganda and agitation that incite social, racial or religious hatred and enmity are not permitted. (v.29). The main task of the internal policy of the Russian Federation is the state structure on the principles of federalism, which helps to strengthen the state through strengthening the subjects, taking into account their characteristics. Therefore, the Federation and its subjects enter into treaties and agreements between themselves on the division of powers.
In the 2012 Address to the Federal Assembly, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, speaking about the importance of interethnic cooperation, noted: “We must cherish the unique experience that our ancestors passed on to us. Russia has been developing for centuries as a multinational state - initially it was so - a state-civilization, held together by the Russian people, the Russian language and Russian culture, which are dear to all of us, which unite us and do not allow us to dissolve in this diverse world ».
Currently, many politicians and experts consider the most acute problem in interethnic relations to be the growing dissatisfaction of the indigenous population of large Russian cities with the influx of southern immigrants, both from the former Soviet republics of Central Asia and Russians from the North Caucasus. One of the main tools for implementing the Strategy is the federal target program “Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia (2014-2020)”, the implementation of which is carried out by Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Mikhailov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations. Since 1993, Vyacheslav Alexandrovich has been actively working in the Ministry of Nationalities Affairs of the Russian Federation. In 1995-2000 headed the Ministry of Nationalities and Federal Relations. In recognition of his services in the field of nation-building, for his effective and fruitful work in this field, in July 1998, the International Biographical Center in Cambridge announced V.A. Mikhailov International Person of the Year.
The main focus of the Federal Target Program is on the creation of large network projects in which all regions would be involved - such projects would be events dedicated to public holidays: National Unity Day, Russia Day, preventing the spread of radical ideas, as well as working with children and youth audiences - All-Russian youth camps and forums have great potential in this regard.
In 2015, Ethnomir hosted the Youth Ethnocultural Camp “Dialogue of Cultures”, where 200 young managers of ethnocultural projects from 60 regions of the country studied with the best specialists in the field of ethnocultural design.
Igor Barinov announced a special session of the Russian FADN “Young specialists in the field of interethnic relations”, which will be held at the popular youth camp “Territory of Meanings” on Klyazma in 2016. According to the head of the FADN of Russia, at the moment the System is already operating in test mode, agreements have been signed with the regions on its implementation locally, and access to the System has been provided to 22 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Monitoring System is planned to be fully launched in the 1st quarter of 2016.
Chapter 2
Interethnic relations in the Saratov region.
“A man who hates another people does not love his own.”
(N.A. Dobrolyubov)
The Saratov region is one of the most multinational subjects of the Russian Federation. Tracing the history of the settlement of the Volga region, it should be noted that numerous peoples lived here. In the 10th-11th centuries, numerous tribes of nomads moved through the Volga region; in the 30s of the 13th century, the Mongol-Tatars passed through the territory. Moreover, they founded the state of the Golden Horde here. With the founding of Saratov in 1590, the government moved “service people” here to protect the Volga route. In the 18th century, colonists from Europe settled in the Volga region. Since then, the population of our region has continued to be replenished with representatives of various nationalities.
Currently, national-cultural relations in the Saratov region are regulated by federal legislative acts and regional law No. 166-ZSO “On the regional target program “National-cultural development of the peoples of the Saratov region” for 2008 - 2010 .
According to the results of the 2010 population census, 2,521,892 people lived in the Saratov region. Analysis of the population census, according to Saratovstat, showed the following picture, presented in Appendix 1 .
The cities of the region are distinguished by the greatest diversity of national composition. But the share of Russians is very large everywhere: from 96.3% (in Rtishchev) to 81.5% (Krasny Kut). In Saratov, the most numerous nationalities after Russians are Ukrainians, Tatars, Armenians, Mordovians, Kazakhs, Belarusians, Chuvashs, and Azerbaijanis. In other cities:
- Ukrainians - Engels, Balakovo, Balashov, Kalininsk, Volsk, Marx;
- Kazakhs - Novouzensk, Engels;
- Tatars - Engels, Balakovo, Pugachev, Ershov;
- Mordovians - Engels, Balakovo, Petrovsk;
- Chuvash - Balakovo;
- Belarusians - Engels, Balakovo.
Representatives of the majority of the peoples living in the region are present in almost each of its 38 districts .
During the existence of the USSR, the question of interethnic conflicts was not raised; perhaps many things were simply hidden. But as history has shown, we lived in a friendly family of nations. Problems came to the surface in the late 80s - 90s. Migration processes also affected our region. From the late 90s of the 20th century until 2007, approximately 200 thousand people arrived in the region, which amounted to almost 8 percent of the region’s population.
To implement preventive measures in the field of national relations in the region, in the late 90s the program “Social and national-cultural development of the peoples of the Saratov region for 1998 - 2001” was developed and adopted. To prevent interethnic confrontation, from 2003 to 2006, the regional target program “National-cultural development of the peoples of the Saratov region” (2003 - 2006) was implemented in the region. More than 30 national associations, cultural autonomies, and 200 national and cultural centers are registered in the Saratov region. Therefore, national cultural centers are being created in the cities and towns of the region, schools teaching in national languages have been opened. A Tatar gymnasium has been created and is successfully functioning in Saratov, the first one opened outside of Tatarstan.
The newly built open-air museum complex “National Village of the Peoples Inhabiting the Saratov Region” is of great interest. Many national associations have gained experience and have truly become centers of culture and social life for their ethnic groups. Among them: Saratov regional organization "Russian Community" and "Center of Russian Culture", Tatar and Bashkir associations, German and Kazakh national societies, Jewish organizations, Armenian and Finno-Ugric national cultural centers, and other associations. There are about 200 national cultural centers and many national artistic groups operating in the cities and districts of the region. National associations, on the one hand, demonstrate the level of national self-awareness of people, and on the other, are a kind of indicator of national relations. The Saratov region manages to avoid major national or religious conflicts, which confirms the correctness of the chosen course and multinationality as a factor of stability and creation.
Currently, more than 100 national cultural organizations and associations are registered in the Saratov region 13 . Most of them are members of the Assembly of Peoples of the Saratov Region, which is a branch of the Assembly of Peoples of Russia. In March 2008, the first Congress of the Assembly of Peoples of the Saratov Region took place. The Congress brought together many well-known politicians and public figures on a federal and regional scale. They represented the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Assembly of Peoples of Russia, and neighboring regions. During the Congress, the agreement “On the development of interaction with national associations in the Saratov region” was extended. Based on the results of the Congress, a collection was published, which included materials on the all-Russian meeting “On the role of local governments in the fight against extremism and xenophobia.”
The regional government, representatives of the clergy, and universities participate in round tables, conferences, and ethnocultural events. All this contributes to the stabilization of relations between representatives of different nationalities and the development of ideas of unity.
Chapter2.1
Balakovo is a multinational city
The city of Balakovo is a city of five Komsomol youth construction projects, when in the 50-70s of the 20th century young people and older people came from all over the Soviet Union to build the Saratov hydroelectric power station, chemical plant, and nuclear power plant.
Representatives of 105 nationalities live in the Balakovo region. This is a single historically established community of peoples. Seven diasporas have more than a thousand people: Ukrainians - 4960, Tatars - 4165, Chuvash - 1579, Kazakhs - 1562, Belarusians - 1204, Mordovians - 1070, Armenians - 1038 people.
The Municipal Autonomous Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 27” has 1,179 students.
Data on national composition can be viewed in the following table:
Nationality | Number of people | ||
Russians | |||
Ukrainians | |||
Tatars | |||
Kazakhs | |||
Belarusians | |||
Armenians | |||
Germans | |||
Azerbaijanis | |||
Uzbeks | |||
Dagestanis | |||
Koreans | |||
Tajiks | |||
Georgians |
Having collected and analyzed information on the national composition of students in my school, I discovered that the majority of students are of Russian nationality (82%). In addition, I discovered that the school has a class with students of the same (Russian) nationality (2nd grade F) , and the most multinational classes are 2I class, which includes 6 Ukrainians, 2 Cossacks, 1 Uzbek and 1 Tatar, and 6G class, which includes 4 Ukrainians, 2 Belarusians, 2 Tatars, 1 Cossacks, 1 German.
However, such a diverse ethnic composition in my school has never been the cause of interethnic conflicts and contradictions. All children are on friendly terms and treat representatives of each nation with respect.
Chapter 2.2
Increasing the level of interethnic relations in the city of Balakovo
The administration of the Balakovo municipality creates favorable conditions for their cultural and national development.
There are 8 national cultural associations in the city (Appendix 2).
Representatives of all diasporas are members of the Public Council under the head of the BMO and actively participate in its work.
The department of national cultures at the Balakovo Folk Art Center plays an important role in the national and cultural development of the BIS. It includes 5 national diasporas - Ukrainian, German, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, which have their own groups (Appendix 3).
The Department of National Cultures has 4 German language groups and 1 Arabic language group, which are attended by people of different age categories. Courses and clubs are free.
The main task of the department of national cultures is to increase the efficiency of the activities of national associations, as well as to promote and preserve the traditional values of the peoples of the Saratov region. The existing department covers many areas of cultural activity. Among them: organizing cultural events, holding evenings, holidays, concert activities, organizing Sunday schools for children, holding joint events (actions, festivals). Representatives of national cultures take part in many events, cooperate with youth organizations of the city and region, and are frequent guests of city schools. More than one event held in the city and region, such as Village Day, Shiroka Maslenitsa, City Day, fairs, Russia Day, New the year is not complete without creative groups of national cultures. Among the youth of the region and the city, the youth public organization “Phoenix. 21st century”, headed by D. Vikulovsky.
A big event was held as part of the Year of the Family
"My national home." For 3.5 hours, representatives of different nationalities replaced each other on stage and spoke about their customs, traditions, and rituals. Greeted all those present
Rabbi of the city of Saratov Michael Frumin, representatives from the United Russia party, journalists from the media and local TV channels. More than 100 people took part in this event.
At the initiative of the Jewish community, a round table “The ABC of Tolerance” was held in April 2015. Representatives of various diasporas and national and cultural associations took part in the Round Table.
The main task of the Society of National Cultures is to increase the efficiency of the activities of national associations, as well as to promote the traditional values of the peoples of the region. These include organizing cultural events, holding evenings and holidays, organizing Sunday schools for children, and learning their native language. National and cultural associations actively participate in the cultural and social life of the BIS, cooperate with the Center for Social Services as part of the implementation of the project “Again the heart is wide open.” All this helps to preserve and popularize the true national values of all cultures on the territory of the Balakovo municipal district.
There are no interethnic conflicts in our city and region; we live in a tolerant world. We are a single country and we have nothing to divide, because only together we can build and preserve our home, our country - Russia.
Conclusion
For our multinational country, democratic, national politics are of great importance.
Undoubtedly, much has been done in this direction by the state throughout the country, including in the regions. In the Saratov region and our city of Balakovo, the growth of national self-awareness of citizens has intensified. This created the need for the preservation and development of the national language, culture, and traditions. Work on the topic showed that the number of national public associations of different ethnic groups of the population has increased throughout the country and in the Saratov region. There are official representative offices of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the region.
At the same time, everything should not be absolutized, because elements of social tension in interethnic relations remain. This is due to economic problems caused by ineffective labor market regulation. In my opinion, this is due to the dissatisfaction of the indigenous population with the fact that they are not always in demand in the labor market, unlike migrants. Therefore, thoughtful actions are required on the part of the authorities. Active work should be carried out by social workers, possibly social psychologists. One of the main problems in interethnic relations between the Saratov region and the city of Balakovo remains the harmonization of interethnic interaction between the peoples living in this territory. The media also play a major role in solving problems of interethnic relations. It is necessary that the media cover not only negative information on national problems, but pay more attention to the positive aspects of interethnic cooperation.
Only a thoughtful policy on the national issue can lead to an understanding that Russia’s strength lies in the unity of its peoples. This means that together we can do a lot, despite the diversity and multinational composition of the country.
List of used literature
- Constitution of the Russian Federation
Social science. Textbook 11th grade. Edited by L.N., A.Yu. Lazebnikova. M. "Enlightenment" 2013 p.81 - Population. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2006.-P.257
- http://www.statdata.ru/russia
- http://megabook.ru/article/ Nationality
Human
Russians
2 151 215
87,6
Kazakhs
76007
Tatars
52884
Ukrainians
41942
Armenians
23841
Azerbaijanis
14868
Chuvash
12261
Mordva
10917
Belarusians
8489
Germans
7579
Chechens
5738
Lezgins
5245
Koreans
4206
Bashkirs
3489
Gypsies
3350
Moldovans
3037
Mari
2927
Uzbeks
2909
Kurds
2851
Jews
2250
Georgians
1898
Tajiks
1686
Avars
1581
Yazidis
1352
Udmurts
1343
Tabasarans
1234
Dargins
Other
11 090
Appendix 2
National - cultural associations
Balakovo
- public organization of the Armenian community "Dream-2001";
- public organization "Saratov Regional Jewish Charitable Center "Hasdei Yerushalayim" ("Mercy");
- Center for National Cultures in Balakovo at the Saratov German Cultural and Educational Center "Freundschaft";
- center of Slavic culture;
- Balakovo Chuvash national-cultural autonomy "Entesh" ("Countryman");
- Balakovo Center of Kazakh Culture at the Center of National Cultures;
- Balakovo Center of Ukrainian Culture at the Center of National Cultures.
- Tatar-Bashkir national cultural center "Miras" ("Heritage") - Balakovo branch of the Saratov regional
Tatar autonomy.
Appendix 3
List of creative groups in Balakovo
- Ensemble of Ukrainian folk song “Gospodarochka”, director G. Saltykova. The team has existed since 2004, with a roster of 15 people.
- Ukrainian theater of miniatures “Chervona Kalina”, director E.A. Primakova, 15 people.
- Tatar-Bashkir Center “Miras”, director G.A. Insapova.
- Choreographic group “Leysyan”, director and choreographer Zemlyannikova E.A., 15 people.
- Vocal group “Asylyar”, leader G. Saltykova.
- Theater of miniatures "Nur", director G.A. Insapova; 25 people.
- Chuvash vocal group “Palan”, leader R. Tukhtagulova, 10 participants.
- Senior Club of Russian Germans, leader E.N. Kelem, 15 participants.
- Youth organization “Phoenix. 21st century”, leader Vikulovsky D., social activist.
- German dance group "Sterchen", director Zemlyannikova E.A.
- Children's vocal group "Shterchen", director Kirsanova I., social activist, 7 people.
- Sunday school “Traditions and Morals”, leader Kirsanova I., 18 people.
- German vocal group “Freundschaft”, leader L.N. Volkova, 10 people.
- Children's vocal group "Aquarelle", leader V.V. Konruf, 12 people.
Last week, the Russian government approved the Federal Target Program “Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia,” designed for the period until 2020. This Federal Target Program, in turn, is a so-called program-targeted instrument (at least this is how the government defines it) of the state program called “Regional Policy and Federal Relations.”
If you look at the document presented by the government of the Russian Federation, then the main goal of the specified Federal Target Program is, quote: “strengthening the unity of the multinational people of the Russian Federation (Russian nation)”, and the main tasks are defined as follows:
promoting the formation of all-Russian civil patriotism and solidarity;
promoting ethnocultural diversity and socio-economic development of the peoples of Russia;
promoting the harmonization of interethnic and ethno-confessional relations, as well as ensuring interethnic peace and harmony.
The expected results of the program are the following (materials taken from the description of the Federal Targeted Program):
an increase in the proportion of Russian citizens who consider themselves Russians or consider themselves part of the Russian nation - up to 74%;
increasing the level of tolerant attitude towards representatives of other nationalities – up to 85%;
an increase in the number of citizens who would positively characterize the state of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation - up to 65%;
implementation of those programs in the regions of the Russian Federation that would be aimed at harmonizing interethnic relations, as well as strengthening civil unity throughout Russia.
The Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation is designated as the responsible executor of the program. And, in general, the Ministry of Regional Development should have started working in the designated areas of strengthening equality and fraternity, but when the program was adopted, an important snag became clear... The fact is that when the plan for the implementation of the federal target program under consideration was born, the initial financing of the project scheduled for several dozen pages of printed text interspersed with very impressive formulas amounted to 38.04 billion rubles. After the peculiar adjustments to the program that the Russian cabinet of ministers carried out, it was decided to cut funding by more than 5.5 times. The final funding for the program amounted to 6.76 billion rubles, two-thirds of which will be allocated from the federal treasury, and the remaining third from regional and municipal budgets.
After a more than five-fold reduction in the level of funding for the program, the question arises: is the government going to abandon the implementation of the vast majority of the designated points of the Federal Target Program, or will the activity in the implementation of each be reduced by 5.5 times? In other words, wouldn’t it turn out that the appearance of a document called “Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethnocultural development of the peoples of Russia” is nothing more than the appearance of another paper with promising goals and objectives, supported even by mathematical apparatus, but not supported by financial means? , and sometimes common sense...
The mathematical apparatus, it must be admitted, is more than serious, and we must pay tribute to those gentlemen who, on the basis of mathematical formulas, were going to increase the number of citizens who believe that interethnic conflicts do not manifest themselves in Russia at all.
For example, the Ministry of Regional Development, according to the approved plan, must use the formula
with the help of which you can “easily” determine the number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation implementing programs for the harmonization of interethnic relations (the formula is taken in the form in which it was published in the documentary draft of the program - author’s note).
However, it must be admitted that even if the program were to be funded in the amount that was initially determined for it (more than 38 billion rubles), it would hardly have evoked unequivocally favorable reviews. The fact is that the expected results of the program raise certain questions. For example, what did the ideological inspirers of the program mean when they mentioned in their plans “increasing the share of Russian citizens who consider themselves Russians or consider themselves to be part of the Russian nation”? If we analyze these plans, we get the following picture: if this or that citizen of Russia, based on his ethnic roots, considers himself Russian or, for example, an Evenk, then this should be perceived as a negative, against which the work of the program is directed. So, what?.. If so, then this is some kind of unsuccessful attempt to copy the Soviet experience of creating a state with a single Soviet people. Why unsuccessful? Yes, if only because any representative of the so-called Soviet people had a passport, which indicated his nationality, which he could rightfully be proud of. A Soviet citizen is Russian, Tatar, Azerbaijani, Yakut, or no matter what nationality. And after all, the indication of nationality in the passport did not offend anyone, and did not interfere with the idea of the friendship of peoples. And why on earth should it jar?..
Based on the letter of the new government program, it turns out that in Russia it is bad manners to call oneself a representative of any nationality other than the “nationality” of a Russian. What a strange thing?.. Why, under the guise of improving relations between the peoples of Russia at the government level, try to eliminate the diverse national composition of the country? By doing this, our government is somehow clumsily trying to repeat not even the Soviet, but the overseas experience, changing the rule “if you live in the USA, that means your nationality is American.” Does anyone in our Cabinet, having watched enough of the so-called exhibition videos about life in the States, seriously believe that in the USA such an approach has led to a complete leveling of nationalist manifestations...
To transform Russian society into an objectively unified one, it is necessary not to try to artificially increase the number of those who are confident that interethnic tension is over, but to make all citizens, without exception, equal before the law. Exactly - everyone, and only after that we can talk about civil tolerance, and about interethnic peace, and about solidarity... However, for some reason this point is not in the Federal Target Program... Apparently, the government does not yet have the money to “even out” Russians under the banner of legality enough. Or courage... And if someone strives to be “more equal” than others, will the adopted federal target program work? Again these rhetorical questions...